Suikast sonucu ölen Amerikalı siyasetçilerin listesi
Vikimedya liste maddesi
Bu madde, öksüz maddedir; zira herhangi bir maddeden bu maddeye verilmiş bir bağlantı yoktur. (Ekim 2022) |
Bu, suikast sonucu ölen Amerikalı siyasetçilerin alfabetik olarak sıralanmış bir listesidir. Bu kişiler seçilmiş veya atanmış ya da kamu görevine aday olmuşlardır.
Listede 53 suikasta kurban gitmiş Amerikalı siyasetçi bulunmaktadır. En yaygın cinayet yöntemi, listedeki 48 politikacının ölümüne yol açan bir veya daha fazla kurşunla işlenen cinayetlerdir.
Politician | Portrait | Party | Year | Office | Site | Method | Assassin | Suspected motive | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Charles Bent | Dosya:CharlesBent-cropped.jpg | 1847 | Governor of New Mexico Territory | Taos, New Mexico (at home) | arrows and scalping | Tomás Romero; Pablo Montoya | Targeted during Taos Revolt, a popular uprising against newly asserted US authority over the region after the Mexican-American War. | ||
Tommy Burks | Democratic | 1998 | Tennessee State Senator | Cumberland County, Tennessee (at home) | gunshot | Byron Looper (the incumbent Putnam County Assessor) | Killed by political opponent in 1998 State Senate race | [1] | |
Louis Cardis | Democratic | 1877 | Texas State Representative | El Paso, Texas | gunshot | Charles Howard | Killed as part of the San Elizario Salt War, a dispute over salt mining claims between white and Hispanic settlers | [2] | |
Anton Cermak | Democratic | 1933 | Mayor of Chicago | Miami, Florida (in motorcade) | gunshot to lung | Giuseppe Zangara | Disputed; suspected of striking Cermak instead of intended target President-elect Franklin Roosevelt | [3] | |
José Francisco Chaves | Republican | 1904 | New Mexico Superintendent of Public Instruction | Pinoswells, New Mexico | gunshots (through the window of his home) | unknown assailant | unknown | [4] | |
John M. Clayton | Republican | 1889 | Representative-elect from Arkansas | Plumerville, Arkansas | gunshots (through the window of his home) | unknown assailant | Unknown, but killed in the context of a disputed election | [5] | |
Richard J. Daronco | 1988 | Judge, U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York | Pelham, New York (at home) | gunshot | Charles Koster | Assailant was the father of a plaintiff whose harassment suit was dismissed by Daronco. | [6] | ||
James E. Davis | Democratic | 2003 | New York City Councilman | New York City (at City Hall) | gunshots | Othniel Askew | Killed by prospective challenger for 2003 Council special election | [7] | |
Louis F. Edwards | Democratic | 1939 | Mayor, Long Beach, New York | Long Beach, New York (outside his home) | gunshot | Alvin Dooley | Edwards' political influence thwarted Dooley's re-election to post in a police union. | [8] | |
John Milton Elliott | Democratic | 1879 | Kentucky Court of Appeals Judge | Frankfort, Kentucky (after conversation on a public street) | gunshots | Thomas Buford (Henry County District Judge) | Assailant was brother of a plaintiff who lost a farm after Elliott dismissed motion for stay of foreclosure | [9] | |
James A. Garfield | Republican | 1881 (details) | President of the United States | Washington, D.C. (at railway station) | gunshot to spine (died three months later) | Charles J. Guiteau | Targeted after assailant was rejected by Republican officials for a patronage appointment | [10] | |
William Goebel | Democratic | 1900 | Governor of Kentucky | Frankfort, Kentucky (outside Old State Capitol) | gunshot to the chest | Unknown political opponents | Uncertain, but killed in the context of the disputed, fraudulent 1899 Kentucky gubernatorial election. | [11] | |
Bill Gwatney | Democratic | 2008 | Chairman of the Democratic Party of Arkansas | Little Rock, Arkansas (at his office at party headquarters) | gunshots | Tim Johnson | Unknown; multiple theories proposed. | [12] | |
Carter Harrison, Sr. | Democratic | 1893 | Mayor of Chicago | Chicago, Illinois (at home) | gunshot | Patrick Eugene Prendergast | assailant was rejected for appointment to a patronage post as corporation counsel. | ||
Mark Hasse | Republican | 2013 | Assistant District Attorney for Kaufman County, Texas | Kaufman, Texas (outside the County Courthouse) | gunshot | Eric Williams | Killed by former justice of the peace convicted of burglary while in office | [13] | |
Thomas Haughey | Republican | 1869 | US Representative from Alabama | Courtland, Alabama (at a political rally) | gunshot | Collins (first name unknown) | Assailant was a supporter of the target's rival for the Republican nomination for the Congressional race; both men exchanged verbal insults and engaged in fisticuffs before a weapon was brandished | [14] | |
Thomas C. Hindman | Democratic | 1868 | Former US Representative from Arkansas | Helena, Arkansas (at home) | gunshots through window | Unknown assailants | Unknown; multiple theories proposed. | [15] | |
James M. Hinds | Republican | 1868 | US Representative from Arkansas | Monroe County, Arkansas (on horseback) | gunshot | George Clark | Killed by a Ku Klux Klan member as intimidation of Republican carpetbaggers | [16] | |
Edward Dexter Holbrook | Democratic | 1870 | Former Delegate to the United States House of Representatives from Idaho Territory | Idaho City, Idaho (outside the County Courthouse) | gunshot | Charles Douglas | Killed by the brother-in-law of James Crutcher, as a result of a dispute between Holbrook and Crutcher for control of the Boise County Democratic Party | [17] | |
Elisha G. Johnson | Republican | 1875 | Florida State Senator | Near Lake City, Florida or Fernandina, Florida | gunshot | Unknown | Break 12–12 tie in Florida Senate. | ||
Leon Jordan | Democratic | 1970 | Missouri State Representative | Kansas City, Missouri (outside a restaurant) | gunshots | Unknown | Unknown, alleged to have been an organized crime contract killing | [18] | |
John F. Kennedy | Democratic | 1963 (details) | President of the United States | Dallas, Texas (in motorcade) | gunshots from sniper | Lee Harvey Oswald | Disputed | [19] | |
Robert F. Kennedy | Democratic | 1968 (details) | United States Senator from New York and candidate for Democratic presidential nomination | Los Angeles, California (at the Ambassador Hotel) | gunshot | Sirhan Sirhan | Targeted as supporter of Israel in the Arab–Israeli conflict; however Kennedy's Son, Robert F. Kennedy Jr. believes his father's killer was actually a security guard named Thane Eugene Cesar.[20] | [21] | |
George LeBreton | 1844 (details) | Oregon Secretary of State | Oregon City, Oregon (in his office) | gunshots | Cockstock | Killed by a native as part of Native American resistance to white settlement in the area | [22] | ||
Abraham Lincoln | Republican | 1865 (details) | President of the United States | Washington, DC. (Ford's Theatre) | gunshot | John Wilkes Booth, a renowned stage actor | Assailant was a Confederate sympathizer who believed the war was still ongoing | [23] | |
Russell G. Lloyd, Sr. | Republican | 1980 | Former Mayor of Evansville, Indiana | Evansville, Indiana | gunshot | Julia van Orden | Assailant was mentally ill and believed she was being harassed by the city; she believed Lloyd was incumbent mayor | [24] | |
Huey Long | Democratic | 1935 (details) | United States Senator and presidential candidate from Louisiana | Baton Rouge, Louisiana (inside the State Capitol) | gunshots | Carl Weiss | Uncertain, but Weiss was affiliated with a political family that opposed Long's machine | [25] | |
Allard K. Lowenstein | Democratic | 1980 | Former Representative from New York | New York City (in his office) | gunshots | Dennis Sweeney | Assailant had a history of mental illness and believed that Lowenstein had been plotting against him since their acquaintance at Stanford University | [26] | |
Edwin Stanton McCook | Republican | 1873 | Governor of Dakota Territory | Yankton, Dakota Territory (at a saloon used for a public meeting) | gunshot | Peter Wintermute | assailant had lost a fistfight with McCook over financing the Dakota Southern Railroad; he returned with a pistol, publicly humiliated by his loss | [27] | |
William McKinley | Republican | 1901 (details) | President of the United States | Buffalo, New York (at Pan-American Exposition) | gunshot | Leon Czolgosz | Assailant was aligned with anarchist movement and killed President as symbol of American inequality | [28] | |
Mike McLelland | Republican | 2013 | District Attorney for Kaufman County, Texas | Forney, Texas (at home) | gunshot | Eric Williams | Killed by former justice of the peace who was convicted of burglary while in office | [13] | |
Harvey Milk | Democratic | 1978 (details) | San Francisco City Supervisor | San Francisco, California (in his City Hall office) | gunshots | Dan White, outgoing San Francisco City Supervisor | Assailant had recently resigned from office due to financial setbacks; he changed his mind and sought reappointment; Moscone denied this request upon the advice of Milk | ||
George Moscone | Democratic | 1978 (details) | Mayor of San Francisco | San Francisco, California (in his City Hall office) | gunshots | [29] | |||
Albert Patterson | Democratic | 1954 | Alabama Attorney General-elect | Phenix City, Alabama (walking to his vehicle) | gunshots | Unknown | Target was elected on promise to crack down on organized crime in the state, which was rooted in Phenix City | [30] | |
Clementa C. Pinckney | Democratic | 2015 (details) | South Carolina State Senator | Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church, Charleston, South Carolina | gunshot | Dylann Roof | White supremacy | [31][32][33] | |
John M. Pinckney | Democratic | 1905 | US Representative from Texas | Hempstead, Texas | gunshots | Unknown | Killed during riot instigated by opponents of alcohol prohibition | [34] | |
David Ramsay | 1815 | South Carolina State Senator and former Continental Representative | Charleston, South Carolina | gunshots | William Linnen | Assailant retaliated after target had deemed him insane during criminal court inquiry | |||
George Lincoln Rockwell | American Nazi | 1967 | Virginia gubernatorial candidate | Arlington, Virginia | gunshots | John Patler | Assailant was angered by Rockwell expelling him from the American Nazi Party | [35] | |
John Roll | Republican | 2011 (details) | Judge, U.S. District Court, District of Arizona | Casas Adobes, Arizona | gunshots | Jared Lee Loughner | Caught in crossfire as assailant opposed to government authority targeted Congresswoman Gabby Giffords | [36] | |
Tomás Romero | 1848 | Alcalde of Taos Pueblo | Taos, New Mexico (while imprisoned) | gunshots | John Fitzgerald | Killed following capture for inciting Taos Revolt; assailant retaliating for his brother's death in this uprising | [37] | ||
Leo Ryan | Democratic | 1978 (details) | US Representative from California | Port Kaituma, Guyana (on airport tarmac) | gunshots | Unknown members of the People's Temple | Ambushed while investigating allegations of human rights abuses at the Jonestown compound | [38] | |
John P. Slough | Democratic | 1867 | Chief Justice of the New Mexico Supreme Court | Santa Fe, New Mexico (at his office) | gunshot | William Ryerson (an incumbent Territorial Legislator) | Killed after a public dispute in which each accused the other of corruption | ||
Solomon P. Sharp | Democratic-Republican | 1825 (details) | Kentucky Attorney General, Kentucky State Senator-elect | Home in Frankfort, Kentucky | stabbed (at home) | Jereboam O. Beauchamp | Killed over long-standing dispute based on political differences, and on Sharp fathering a child with the woman whom Beauchamp later married | [39] | |
Joseph Smith | Reform | 1844 (details) | Mayor of Nauvoo, Illinois, presidential candidate | Carthage, Illinois (while in jail) | gunshots | The Carthage Greys | Founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (the Mormons) targeted by an anti-Mormon mob for his growing political power | ||
J. Christopher Stevens | Democratic | 2012 (details) | Ambassador to Libya | Benghazi, Libya | arson | members of Ansar al-Sharia and Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb | Unknown | [40][41] | |
John W. Stephens | Republican | 1870 | North Carolina State Senator | Yanceyville, North Carolina (in the County Courthouse) | gunshots | Unknown, mobbed by estimated 8 to 12 men | Killed by Ku Klux Klan member as part of intimidation of Republicans | [42] | |
Frank Steunenberg | Democratic | 1905 | Former Governor of Idaho | Caldwell, Idaho (outside his home) | bomb (set at his front gate) | Harry Orchard; possibly others | Killed by a mine owners' association informant in an attempt to cast blame on the Western Federation of Miners | [43] | |
James Strang | Democratic | 1856 | Michigan State Representative | Beaver Island, Michigan (at a steamship terminal) | gunshot | Thomas Bedford | Killed by a disgruntled former member of a Mormon sect led by Strang | [44] | |
Mike Swoboda | 2008 (details) | Mayor of Kirkwood, Missouri | Kirkwood, Missouri (during a city council meeting) | gunshot (died seven months later) | Charles Lee "Cookie" Thornton | Assailant retaliated for fines levied by municipality for code violations | [46] | ||
Robert Smith Vance | Democratic | 1989 | Judge, U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit | Mountain Brook, Alabama (at home) | mail bomb | Walter Leroy Moody, Jr. | Killed after court refused to expunge a previous conviction for explosives possession from assailant's record | [47] | |
Samuel Newitt Wood | Republican | 1891 | Kansas Territorial Legislator, Kansas State Senator | Hugoton, Kansas (outside County Courthouse) | gunshots | James Brennan | Killed during armed conflict between the two largest towns of Stevens County, Kansas fighting for county seat | ||
John H. Wood, Jr. | 1979 | Judge, U.S. District Court, Western District of Texas | San Antonio, Texas (outside his home) | gunshot | Charles Harrelson | Contract killing ordered by Jamiel Chagra due to target's harsh convictions of Latin American drug kingpins | [48] | ||
Major Ridge | Cherokee nation | 1839 | Leader of the Cherokee nation | White Rock Creek | gunshots | Bird Doublehead | Killed as retaliation for alleged responsibility in the deaths of 4,000 Cherokee on the trail of tears |
Ayrıca bakınız
değiştirKaynakça
değiştir- ^ "Looper, Byron". The Political Graveyard. 27 Temmuz 2014 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 24 Temmuz 2014.
- ^ "CARDIS, LOUIS | The Handbook of Texas Online| Texas State Historical Association (TSHA)". Tshaonline.org. 7 Ağustos 2016 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 18 Ağustos 2016.
- ^ "The shooting of Anton Cermak". Chicago Tribune. 13 Ocak 2012 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 3 Şubat 2011. Birden fazla yazar-name-list parameters kullanıldı (yardım); Yazar
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(yardım) - ^ "New Mexico Office of the State Historian | people". Newmexicohistory.org. 11 Ağustos 2016 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 18 Ağustos 2016.
- ^ "John Middleton Clayton (1840–1889)". The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. 17 Temmuz 2011 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 16 Nisan 2011. Birden fazla yazar-name-list parameters kullanıldı (yardım); Yazar
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(yardım) - ^ "Slain Judge Ruled Against His Killer's Daughter". The New York Times. 23 Mayıs 1988. 21 Ağustos 2017 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 10 Şubat 2017.
- ^ "Killer Competition". NYMag.com. 9 Kasım 2014 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 24 Aralık 2014.
- ^ "15 Nov 1939, Page 1 - The Brooklyn Daily Eagle at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. 3 Haziran 2016 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 22 Ekim 2015.
- ^ Lewis Franklin Johnson (1916). "Famous Kentucky Tragedies and Trials: A Collection of Important and ..." Books.google.com. s. 205. 3 Ocak 2014 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 18 Ağustos 2016.
- ^ "President Garfield's Assassin: Charles Guiteau's Time in Washington - Ghosts of DC". Ghosts of DC. 25 Ocak 2012. 21 Ekim 2014 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 24 Aralık 2014.
- ^ "goebel". Kentuckyexplorer.com. 6 Mart 2016 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 18 Ağustos 2016.
- ^ "Arkansas News Bureau - Gwatney's widow to serve as superdelegate at Democratic convention". 24 Eylül 2008 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi.
- ^ a b "Prosecutors' killings rattle former cotton town in Texas - Yahoo! News". 2 Nisan 2013 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 1 Nisan 2013.
- ^ Nancy E. Marion; Willard Oliver (22 Temmuz 2014). Killing Congress: Assassinations, Attempted Assassinations and Other ... s. 18. ISBN 9780739183601. 21 Nisan 2016 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 18 Ağustos 2016. Yazar eksik
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(yardım) - ^ The Lion of the South: General Thomas C. Hindman. Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press. 1997. ISBN 0-86554-556-1. Yazar
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(yardım) - ^ "James Hinds (1833â€"1868)". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. 9 Ekim 2016 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 18 Ağustos 2016.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). 25 Aralık 2014 tarihinde kaynağından (PDF) arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 25 Aralık 2014.
- ^ "Archived copy". 2 Kasım 2010 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 19 Şubat 2012.
- ^ "AARC Public Library - HSCA Final Assassinations Report". ASSASSINATION ARCHIVES. 8 Ekim 2014 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 25 Aralık 2014.
- ^ "Arşivlenmiş kopya". heavy.com. 6 Kasım 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2022.
- ^ "Palestinian terror stretches back to RFK killing at the Ambassador Hotel - Opinion". Jewish Journal. 29 Mayıs 2008. 31 Aralık 2014 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 25 Aralık 2014.
- ^ "Oregon Secretary of State Agency History, page 11". Bluebook.state.or.us. 18 Ekim 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Nisan 2021.
- ^ American Brutus. Random House Digital. 2005. s. 185. ISBN 9780307430618. 26 Haziran 2014 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 9 Eylül 2012. Yazar
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(yardım) - ^ "View Article". Local.evpl.org. 4 Mart 2016 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 18 Ağustos 2016.
- ^ "Huey Long's Assassination - Who Killed Huey Long". Hueylong.com. 10 Eylül 1935. 8 Ağustos 2016 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 18 Ağustos 2016.
- ^ William Henry Chafe (1998). Never Stop Running: Allard Lowenstein and the Struggle to Save American ... ISBN 9780691059730. 12 Nisan 2016 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 18 Ağustos 2016.
- ^ Thomas E. Simmons. "Territorial Justice under Fire: The Trials of Peter Wintermute, 1873-1875". Sdshspress.com. 4 Mart 2016 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 18 Ağustos 2016.
- ^ "McKinley Assassination Ink: A Documentary History of William McKinley's Assassination". Mckinleydeath.com. 4 Mart 2016 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 18 Ağustos 2016.
- ^ Kaynak hatası: Geçersiz
<ref>
etiketi;Mike Weiss 2010 pp. 213-216
isimli refler için metin sağlanmadı (Bkz: Kaynak gösterme) - ^ Encyclopedia of Alabama.
- ^ Johnson (17 Haziran 2015). "'This Was a Hate Crime': Nine People Killed at Historic South Carolina Church". NBC News. 7 Kasım 2017 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 18 Haziran 2015.
- ^ Staff (18 Haziran 2015). "Nine shot, multiple fatalities reported in downtown church shooting". The Post and Courier. 28 Temmuz 2016 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 18 Haziran 2015.
- ^ Bruton (18 Haziran 2015). "Charleston Church Shooting: Rev. Clementa Pinckney Among the Victims". NBC News. 11 Nisan 2018 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 18 Haziran 2015.
- ^ "Members of the U.S. Congress Who Have Died of Other Than Natural Causes While in Office" (PDF). Policyarchive.org. 7 Mart 2012 tarihinde kaynağından (PDF) arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 18 Ağustos 2016.
- ^ Miller (16 Aralık 2018). "The shadow of an assassinated American Nazi commander hangs over Charlottesville". The Washington Post. 17 Aralık 2018 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 21 Ağustos 2017.
- ^ Jijo Jacob (10 Ocak 2011). "Who is Jared Lee Loughner?". International Business Times. 25 Aralık 2014 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 25 Aralık 2014.
- ^ Kaynak hatası: Geçersiz
<ref>
etiketi;ReferenceA
isimli refler için metin sağlanmadı (Bkz: Kaynak gösterme) - ^ Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton. 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1.
- ^ "The Life and Death of Colonel Solomon P. Sharp Part 1: Uprightness and Inventions; Snares and Nets" (PDF). The Filson Club Quarterly. 72 (1). January 1998. Birden fazla yazar-name-list parameters kullanıldı (yardım); Yazar
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(yardım) - ^ "Profile: Libya's Ansar al-Sharia". BBC News. 13 Haziran 2014. 24 Ağustos 2014 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 12 Ağustos 2014.
- ^ Hsu (3 Ekim 2017). "Screams, explosions and fire in Benghazi: Bodyguard details ambassador's last moments". Washington Post (İngilizce). ISSN 0190-8286. 21 Ocak 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 14 Aralık 2020.
- ^ "LIFE IN NORTH CAROLINA. - The Murder of Senator John W. Stephens A Terrible Scene Shall His Assassins Be Amnestied?" (PDF). The New York Times. 26 Şubat 1873. 12 Kasım 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi (PDF). Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2022.
- ^ "Idaho Meanderings: "The Gate on 16th Avenue" - A Century Ago and Today". Steunenberg.blogspot.com. 30 Ocak 2009. 12 Ekim 2016 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 18 Ağustos 2016.
- ^ "Strang, the Martyred Prophet". 21 Ekim 2013 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 25 Aralık 2014.
- ^ "STLtoday - Former Kirkwood Mayor Mike Swoboda dies". 8 Eylül 2008 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 6 Eylül 2008.
- ^ "6 dead in shooting rampage at Kirkwood City Council". St. Louis Post Dispatch. 7 Şubat 2008. 8 Şubat 2008 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 7 Şubat 2008.
- ^ "Roy Moore, Bob Vance face off in Alabama chief justice race". AL.com. 5 Kasım 2012. 16 Kasım 2012 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 25 Aralık 2014.
- ^ "1979 Killing Called 'Attack on System' : 'Traumatic' Murder of Judge Recalled". Los Angeles Times. 11 Haziran 1989. 25 Aralık 2014 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 25 Aralık 2014.